Hello and welcome to today's lecture safety for researchers and research groups among Accessor gave and in this lecture will discuss the most important principles of safe work in research, laboratory or the Department of Chemistry. This lecture will compliment your health and safety induction and specialized training that you received in your research lab.

Please note that this lecture will not cover covid related health safety measures.

So we will begin this lecture with some important legal aspects of health and safety, and we'll take a look at health and safety statistics. Then we'll move on to common law lab. Accidents will have a look at their causes and consequences.

And then we will focus on the most important part of this lecture laboratories control. Here we will discuss how.

We can identify, assess, minimize, or eliminate risks in a chemistry laboratory. Then we'll have a quick look at the Chemistry Department Health and Safety Web page and we will conclude this lecture with emergency response, where we will talk about what to do in case of some emergency situations that may take place in a chemistry lab.

So.

It is very important to know that the University has a legal responsibility to protect the health and safety of all staff. Public constructors in order personal within its premises.

In particular, within the chemistry Department, all academics have a legal responsibility to protect the health and safety of stuff. Students, researchers, public cleaners, contractors and each other.

In a broader sense, these rules and responsibilities are defined in the major piece of legislation that regulates.

Workplace Health and safety in the UK.

And this piece of legislation is called the Health and Safety at Work Act. It was introduced in 1974 and it obliges all employers to make their workplace safe and eliminate or control all risks to health of employees.

Employers must make sure that all equipment on site is safe and safe. Systems of work are set and properly followed.

The employer must make sure that all equipment and substances are moved, stored, and used safely.

And finally.

The employer.

Must give workers all the information instructions.

Training and supervision required for their health and safety. So the most important organization that monitors and enforces workplace health and safety in their K is the health and safety executive and they collect statistics on health and Safety at Work as well. And so they what they found is that during 40 years since the introduction of the health and Safety at Work Act, the number of fatalities.

People killed it, work decreased by more than four times, and the number of non fatal injuries decreased by more than by 3/4 which is a an excellent indication of the success of this Work Act. The situation with health and safety at workplace substantially improved, but still there is a significant room for improvement and this is the.

The most recent statistics.

The previous year, which shows that more than one and half million working people suffered from work related illnesses more than 100.

People were killed at work.

And.

Almost 700,000 injuries took place at work, and all of this.

Led to almost 39 million working days, lossed and financial losses are substantial as well. Almost 16 billion pounds.

So how we can improve the health and safety situation for places from our side from point of view of the Department of Chemistry?

What we can do to improve this is to fulfill our roles and responsibilities as supervisors, students and positive. To the best of our capability. So once supervisors must do so, supervisors must ensure that adequate training is available for all group members.

They must show that most probably they must provide safe working environment, including, well, working.

Equipment and appropriate personal protective equipment supervisors.

Um most.

Act

quickly if needs in health and safety are identified.

And.

If any improvements I need it, they must.

They must take care of of this.

So they must identify and act on any deficiencies in health and safety in their labs. In other words, so.

Supervisors must undertake overall risk assessment of work programs in general, but they should also.

Make sure that adequate risk assessment.

I've done for all ongoing experiments.

And this risk assessments are signed off by either by them or their delegates.

Students and postdocs also must fulfill their roles and responsibilities both legally and morally, so they must take reasonable care of their own health and safety, and they also must take reasonable care.

Not to put other allowed members at risk by not doing something right or doing something wrong so students and postdocs must conduct and comply with risk assessments in in our Department, they must comply with caution risk assessments for any mood and any experiment they conduct.

Students and postdocs must report injuries or illnesses suffered.

They must inform their pies of any changes in circumstances that might affect their ability to work safely.

For example, pregnancy taking medication or illness.

Students and postdocs must monitor lab environment and seek to prevent any safety issues.

K what?

Common lab accidents.

In in chemistry labs, so there are three general love accidents that may happen that typically happen. Castelot fires and explosions caused by open fire open fires and hold surface or chemical fires.

Exposure to chemicals usually, why are?

Skin absorption or inhalation? Rarely ingestion and of course, carts and mechanical injuries are.

Very common as well.

So when we talk about.

Dangerous situations that take place may take place in LA. We need to define two important terms. Accident and incident or near Miss so an accident is an event that results in an injury or ill health.

An an incident is an event.

Which doesn't cause any harm, but has the potential to cause harm. For example, spilled.

Mineral oil.

Is an incident.

Because it can.

Represents.

Sleep hazard.

And this can lead to injury. So another important piece of information is that cause incidents are way more common than accidents. But increasing number of incidents always leads to increase in number of accidents. So to minimize the number of accidents we need to minimize the number of incidents. So in other words we need to work very carefully.

If we don't work very carefully lap accidents, will some point.

Take place and in general lab accidents result from.

For general reasons.

From failure to recognize hazards.

Failure to assess the risk that associated with.

Posits

and failure to minimize the risk.

Minimize or eliminate the risk of these hazards.

And finally.

From unpreparedness

uh for emergency situations and.

Concequences of love accidents can be very grim. They can lead to loss of health or life and.

When of course they will.

Lead to financial losses due to medical and legal expenses and damaged equipment. And they always also always lead to damage to the reputation of Department or PII.

And one of the probably most.

Recent and well known terrible accident that led to substantial losses is Sherry Sangean case.

I share your sons. You was there. My research assistant, who died in a hospital.

From extensive burns after a terrible lab accident that happened in UCLA.

November 2020, ninth and 2008. So Sherry was working on a research project involving development of.

Um, until basically drug and as a part of this project she was conducting.

Synthesis with ketone and vinyl lithium. So finally theme she obtained from metalation of.

Vinyl remind with two colon subtrade petroleum share. You already conducted this synthesis on a small scale previously once and this time she was conducting scaled up version of the experiment involving 160 millimeters of trade between lithium solution.

And try to lithium as you know is very powerfully compound so it spontaneously ignites in here so.

What she was doing. She was transferring 22 lithium solution from a region region bottle into a reaction flask and.

She did so using twin at using 50ML syringe she added.

She was adding depth to lithium portions 15 minutes early, but during one of the transfer she.

Do 56 millions of times lithium.

So she pulled the plunger basically all the way to the end, and plunger came off and tried to leave him solution.

Was spilled over theme keyboard and her sweater. She didn't wear any lab coat and safety glasses and tried to steal. Trade between lithium is in immediately caught fire.

Ignited and set Sanjay on fires. Sanjay started to scream and run to the nearest door, unfortunately away from from safety shower which was in few steps from her.

One of

Paws dogs working in Lab tried to put out the fire by rubbing his lab coat around Sanji blood codes.

Got fire as well so and the.

Pause Doc tried to start to use water from neighboring sing to put put out fire.

The second poster, called 911 and by the time when emergency brigade came Sherry.

Received third degree burns of more than 40% of her body, and she died in.

Within.

2 three weeks after this accident in the hospital, and.

A subsequent investigation showed that Sherry didn't receive appropriate general health and safety training and she didn't receive specific training for work with pyrophoric compounds, and they paused Doc, who tried to help to put out the fire, didn't receive appropriate health and safety training as well.

And so this terrible accident is many other.

Rheem accidents code have.

Being avoided.

If I'm some simple.

Lab rules had been observed.

So this simple rules are called Golden Lab rules, and the best the most important rule is that.

Before.

Carrying out

your experiment.

You must conduct risk assessment in our case in. In our Department we should conduct cautious esmont for all.

Experiments.

Everyone in love should wear safety glasses.

Always.

Um?

Please note that the standard prescription spectacles are not suitable are not good substitute for safety glasses and of course lab coats must be worn at all times.

Clothing should always should always be appropriate as well, so clothing should cover and protect your body from splashes and spills. So for this reason shorts and skirts are not allowed.

The same is true for shoes. They should completely cover your feet in tours, so no sudden so open tours are allowed and.

Here should also be tide back.

Should be tide back. The reason for that is that they long hair represent fire hazards.

Can catch fire when exposed to.

Open flame overhaul services, but they can also.

Becoming easily entangled in equipment and.

I have several fatal.

Pretty terrible lap accidents because of this, so long hair should be tide back.

It is also important to wear appropriate gloves when you handle hazardous chemicals and the most general auction is to use nitrile gloves. They provide good general protection cases, but they are not suitable for range of chemicals. For example, they are not good for chloroform, for handling, chloroform and dichloromethane, and concentrated sulfuric and nitric acid, as well as.

We just wanna compounds. So in case you work with.

Acids and bases solutions concentrated. Please use neoprene gloves.

Latics clothes that previously we used in labs.

Do not provide sufficient protection and currently are not recommended for use in chemistry lab and it is.

It is very important to choose the correct gloves material for your experiments.

So we should be very careful with that, and this example actually a good illustration of this.

So.

The lady on the photo is Professor Wetterhahn at Dartmouth College, US. She was a world leading.

Specialist in investigation of toxic ethics of transition metals on human health and in August 1996 she was working on a project that.

Was focused on investigation of.

Interaction of Mercury with some proteins.

And as part of this project, she was conducting an experiment with dimethyl Mercury.

In domical Mercury.

So what she was doing, she was transferring dimethyl Mercury solution into an enema tube using pastor pipette. She was properly.

Dress so she was in lab coat and she was wearing glasses and.

Lot explodes and during the.

At that time there.

They thought that she was properly equipped, but.

Anyway, she was.

Working in logics glows and while the transfer of Dimethylmercury using pastor pipette from.

Raging Bull into an immature. She spilled two drops of dimethyl Mercury.

Under her gloves, but she didn't pay attention to this. She completed the experiment and then cleaned up the workplace and disposed of the clothes accordingly and.

And then within next five months he.

Started to show.

Symptoms of Mercury poisoning. Dimethyl Mercury. As you know, it's pretty.

Strong neurotoxin it's colorless liquid which is super dangerous, so within five months she developed symptoms of.

Mercury poisoning, and so she started to have issues with her speech with her.

Vision and hearing.

And then she slipped into a coma and passed away within next.

Few months.

Later studies showed that the latex gloves that she.

Used when suitable for this work because dimethylmercury too quickly could penetrate through the glass material.

And many other gloves were found. Many other side blows were found to be not suitable for this work, and so this this case drew substantial attention to to the use of super toxic chemicals and lab and PP personal protective equipment equipment that we need to use.

So yeah, the choice of the right personal protective equipment is the key.

OK, when you work with volatile and hazardous materials, you must work in fume keyboards to avoid inhalation of hazardous vapors. So in you must make sure that your Fingerboard provides sufficient airflow. Each Fingerboard has airflow indicator on the side.

And if I.

The gym keyboard doesn't work appropriately. You shouldn't use it.

So.

On all the important rule.

Says that.

Never eat or drink beverages or apply cosmetics in lab just because you don't want to contaminate your.

Food and drinking cosmetics with chemicals and then transfer it into or on until your body or in your skin.

So, um, it's absolute. No, no mobile phones shouldn't be used in lap as well, just for the same reasons.

Chemicals could be transferred.

Do your mobile phone and from your mobile phone to your skin so headphones.

Or loud music shouldn't be.

Practiced in your lab just because you should be aware of your environment, it should be able to hear.

Any alarms, fire alarms for example. Or if somebody asks you for ask you for help.

Um, OK.

You should also keep your workplace clean and uncluttered.

Um?

Only chemicals, ideally only chemicals and equipment that you need for your particular experiment, should be on your in your film keyboard alot, bench.

It is important to dispose of all used solvents, chemicals, glassware, sharps into appropriate containers.

And.

Also, it is required to avoid storage enough. Excessive amount of flammable solvents.

To avoid dangerous danger of fire in the lab.

Spills must be cleaned as quickly as possible and all contaminated materials should be disposed of appropriately.

It is important to label all containers with chemicals or solutions.

Um?

Appropriately.

So ideally the formula.

And experiment number should be on the label.

Even if you know what is in the.

Vile

your colleagues might not know it and you can forget.

There's about and you can forget this in in a few weeks and then they will will be a danger of handling this solution or chemical because nobody no knows what is inside and how to dispose of it, so all.

A continuous with chemicals must be labeled appropriately.

So it is very important to keep walkways and obstructed so in case of in case you need to leave LA.

In case of emergency.

You should be able to do this without encountering trip or sleep hazard.

You should also be appropriately trained before using any unfamiliar equipment.

Another important rule.

You shouldn't work alone in love, because if some emergency happens.

Someone should be there to help you.

And finally, all accidents incidents.

Hazardous situations should be reported to your supervisor.

Well, we talked about Golden Lab rules, which.

Help us to work safely in lab and avoid minimize risk of.

Accidents, but we should also know posits that associated with particular chemicals we use so.

In this respect all chemical hazards.

Oh

oh.

Basically classified into several types, important types and each group of hazards receives appropriate pictogram. Like this skull with with Bones which represent toxic, found and bottles with toxic and highly toxic compounds. So what are the?

Toxic highly toxic compounds. Substances that can cause any damage to your health.

And toxic and highly toxic compounds. There are two types.

Toxic and pass those little present acute toxicity. So in which case?

Negative effects observed within a short time.

Of exposure, for example, syenites date codes, immediate effect or toxic components can represent.

Chronic toxicity where negative efforts are observed after substantial period of time, like in case of dimethylmercury.

We truly are.

Discussed in case of farm.

Karen wetterhahn

accident.

So or this effects can be observed after repeated exposure.

So I know that type of hazard quite quillman.

Uh.

Just saw this picture Gram.

Involves carcinogens, chemicals that can.

Cause constant humans and there are two types of passengers known contingents.

That goes cancer for sure, for example benzene.

And suspected can carcinogens which are potentially.

Kinko's concept for example acrylamide.

Mutagens are quite well similar composite can.

Increase the frequency of mutations, for example analyzing interactions.

Substances can which can cause abnormal fetal development. For example a little chloride. All of this three types of chemicals have this picture ground, so in finally.

Pictogram showing this exclamation mark reffered to irritants and sensitizes an irritant or chemicals that can cause inflammation in skin or lung tissues?

For example, benzyl bromides and.

Sensitizers, chemicals and can code allergic reaction, for example asthma after repeated exposure.

First, exposure makes sense.

Give to particular graphical and subsequent exposure leads to quite.

Noticeable allergic can cause it's quite noticeable allergic reaction.

Examples of these components.

Formaldehydes and nickel salt.

Also, it is important to to discuss corrosive substances that are represented by this picture. Gram these are basically compounds that can cause.

Chemical burns and.

This reference mostly two assets in basis.

And when we speak about.

Assets it is important to know particularly dangerous assets that it's better to avoid hydrochloric acid. That causes terrible burns.

And.

Picric acid and.

Perchloric acids supercold perchloric acid is strong, acid leaking, cause chemical burns as well, but it is also explosive.

As well as picric acid.

So bottles with perchloric acid because it also have this picture out there.

On them, so explore this compounds that can.

Potentially explode.

And.

You should. You should have watched.

Electro given by Doctor Hyphae. Junk about explosive compounds. He discusses various types of explosive compounds and mixtures, so if you didn't.

Watched his lecture. Please do so.

So finally, oxidants and compounds that contain this.

Pictogram.

Oxidants should not be stored together with.

Organic chemicals to avoid risk of explosion. A group of chemicals or group of chemicals.

Containing

this label.

Flammable or extremely flammable substances that basically will ignite if exposed to open flame.

Or sort of ignition and so.

How flammable compound tease is defined by its flashpoint. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which vapor self the substance will ignite.



Given an ignition source is provided.

So extremely flammable gases, liquids as those that have.

Flash point below 0 degrees, for example, containing diethylene ether. These are extremely dangerous component in terms of fire hazard.

Highly flammable liquids have flashpoints between zero degrees in room temperature. For example Acetones they're also.

Um represent?

Fire.

Danger and flammable liquids. Those that have.

Flashpoint exceeding room temperature. For example. Daughter canes, dirty cane and higher alkanes.

So.

Final type of.

Flammable compounds.

That can spontaneously ignite.

Just in contact with their.

A pyrophoric compounds those, for example.

Don't typically found among. I'll kill the zoom compounds and some green reagents.

So this compound should be.

Handled extremely carefully.

OK, let's take a short break and then we will resume the lecture with the discussion of risk control.